Seeking
postconviciton relief in the circuit court where a client was convicted is most
often a necessary first step in appealing a criminal conviction, and doing so
provides several advantages.1 Burdens of proof are
lower, the parties are all familiar with proceedings which have previously
occurred, and many circuit court judges are more likely to reverse themselves
than a court of appeals would be to find error.2
When an
Appeal is Necessary
Sometimes,
though, relief can’t be obtained at the circuit court level. Oftentimes
considerable time and effort went into the proceedings that resulted in a
conviction. A circuit court, the court’s staff, the prosecutor, investigators, witnesses, and sometimes a jury will have put many combined
hours into proceedings which resulted in a conviction. Thus, prosecutors
especially are protective of their convictions, and will often fight to prevent
postconviction issues from even being heard.3 Some judges, too, may take
offense to their previous rulings being challenged, and use postconviction
proceedings to patch up shoddy rulings after the fact.4
Prosecutors
and judges who have such an attitude are missing the point of their jobs. While
it’s human to feel as though an investment of time might be wasted by overturning
a verdict or permitting the withdrawal of a plea, the job of both the judge and
the prosecutor is to do justice.5 Justice is undermined when
an innocent is convicted, or even when a guilty person is convicted through
unfair proceedings.6
While the dereliction of some prosecutors and judges is disgraceful, only
in the rarest of circumstances would it be grounds for appeal.7
Briefing
and Decision Timeframes
Whatever
the reasons, if a client’s objectives are not met after a postconviction motion
has been decided by the circuit court, the next step is to file a Notice of Appeal.
This must happen within 20 days of the circuit court's decision on the matter.8 After filing a Notice
of Appeal, the county clerk of courts has 40 days to compile the record and
forward it to the Court of Appeals.9 After the record is
submitted to the Court of Appeals, appellate counsel has 40 days to compose and
file a brief.10 After
the defense submits their brief, the State has 30 days to write a response
brief.11 Appellate counsel
then has fifteen days to file a reply brief, or to notify the Court of Appeals
that no reply is necessary.12 Whether or not to
submit a reply brief depends on whether the State’s brief merits a reply.13
While
these timeframes are the default by statute, they may be enlarged or shortened.
Timeframes can be enlarged upon motion to the Court of Appeals.14 Conversely, since all
the deadlines are relative to whatever event preceded them, they may be
shortened if any of the participants simply takes less time than they're
afforded by statute. For instance, under the statutory timeframes a
defendant-appellant's brief would be due 80 days after filing the Notice of
Appeal if the county clerk of courts takes their full 40 days to forward the
record to the Court of Appeals. If the Clerk only takes 7 days, however, the
defendant-appellant's first brief is still due 40 days after that. Likewise, if
the State only takes a few days to write a response brief, the
defendant-appellant's timeframe for filing a reply brief begins when that brief
is filed anyway.
The
timeframes are complicated since they’re all contingent on each other. Luckily,
most districts in the Wisconsin Court of Appeals are liberal in granting first
and second extensions of time. Thus, if a party had blocked off time to work on
a brief, but the deadline for the brief is suddenly moved up because another
participant did their job quickly, the Court of Appeals is likely to grant an
extension of time.
Unique
Aspects of the Appeal: Opposing Counsel, Judicial Panels, and Oral Argument
If the
appeal is of a misdemeanor conviction, the District Attorney's office remains the
representative of the State.15 Appeals of
misdemeanor convictions are decided by one Court of Appeals judge.16 A defendant may
request that a misdemeanor appeal be considered by a three judge panel instead.17 If the appeal is of
a felony conviction, the Attorney General's office replaces the District
Attorney’s office as the representative of the State.18 Appeals of felony
convictions are decided by a three judge panel.19
The Court
of Appeals only rarely hears oral arguments. In postconviciton motion hearings
before the circuit court, the court will likely take evidence or at least hear
supplemental argument from the parties. This is usually the case because, with
a circuit court’s busy schedule, it is easier to announce its decision rather
than take the time to write it. The Supreme Court always conducts oral
arguments in the cases it accepts for review, though it always issues a written
decision rather than announcing it from the bench. This is necessary at the
very least because the seven justices need to discuss the case before deciding
it; Often justices will write concurrences or dissents, as well. The Court of
Appeals, though, hears arguments in less than 1% of the cases it decides.
The
Decision
Finally,
the Court of Appeals takes as long as necessary to review the briefs and issue
a decision. The average time it takes for a three-judge decision is about a
year; The average time for a one-judge decision is a little over 6 months.21 Most of the
time, the Court of Appeals affirms the circuit court. In cases where they
don’t, they might reverse the decision of the circuit court and grant relief
immediately, or remand the case to the circuit court so that the circuit court
can correct its error.
If relief isn’t gained through the Court of Appeals, an
appeal to the Wisconsin Supreme Court may be appropriate. That’s the topic of
the next and final post in this series.
Attorney Anthony Jurek is an experienced appellate advocate who has gained relief for his clients in the Wisconsin Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, and in circuit courts across the State of Wisconsin. Call him today at (608) 843-8909 for a free consultation.
1 See previous post.
2 For example, a
circuit court’s “discretionary determinations” (such as findings of fact or
whether to admit evidence) are most often reviewed by courts of appeal using a
“clearly erroneous” standard of review: That is to say, an appellate court will
affirm the circuit court unless the circuit court’s ruling “applied the wrong
legal standard” or is “totally unsupported by facts in the record.” See, e.g., State v. Sarfraz, 2014 WI 78, ¶ 35, 356 Wis.2d 460, 851 N.W.2d 235; State v. Garfoot, 207 Wis.2d 211, 224, 558
N.W.2d 626 (1997). On the other hand, a circuit court considering its own
rulings in the context of a postconviction motion hearing can arguably do so de novo, as a matter of reconsideration,
simply by changing its mind. See State v. Sutton, 2012 WI 23, ¶ 19, 810 N.W.2d 210.
3 See People v. DiGuglielmo, 2008 NY Slip Op. 51938(U), 21 Misc. 3d 1103(A)(Westchester
County Court, September 17, 2008)(“[I]t does seem to demonstrate, to some
extent, what the Defendant is alleging in this case that the People and their
agents are seemingly willing to go to whatever lengths necessary to protect
their conviction and/or their decisions once they are made. . . . Another
example of the People’s willingness to protect their conviction, at the expense
of discovering the truth, can be seen . . .”), rev’d, 75 A.D.3d 206 (2010);17 N.Y.3d 771 (2011). This citation is for illustrative purposes only, as it
is a slip opinion which was subsequently reversed.
4 See State v. Devera, No. 10AP126-CR, unpublished per curiam decision, ¶ 13 (WI App November 17, 2010)(“The court’s written postconviction motion decision belies the
assertion that its reliance was harmless. The court returned to the very
comments that it had already had conceded were inaccurate to buttress its
finding that it had employed the requisite reasoning process in crafting the
sentence.”). This citation is for illustrative purposes only, as it is an
unpublished per curiam decision with no authority under Wis. Stat. § 809.23(3)(b).
5 See, e.g., State v.Williams, 2002 WI 1, n.38, 249 Wis.2d 492, 637 N.W.2d 733 (“A prosecutor's interest is not to win a
case but to see that justice shall be done.”); State v. Brockett, 2002 WI App 115, ¶ 16, 254 Wis.2d 817, 647
N.W.2d 356 (“A judge’s job is to do justice.”).
6 See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87
(1963)(“Society wins not only when the guilty are convicted but when criminal
trials are fair; our system of the administration of justice suffers when any
accused is treated unfairly.”); In re Winship,
397 U.S. 358, 372 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring) ("It is far worse to convict an innocent man than to
let a guilty man go free.").
7 See upcoming
posts on prosecutorial misconduct and judicial bias.
13 Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Making
Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges 74-75 (Thompson/West 2008)
